Effectiveness of an integrated nursing program on anxiety, uncertainty in illness, and self-care ability among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization: A quasi-experimental study

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Background & Aim: Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization commonly experience elevated anxiety, illness uncertainty, and self-care challenges. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated nursing program on anxiety, uncertainty in illness, and self-care ability among patients undergoing first-time cardiac catheterization. Methods & Materials: A quasi-experimental study with repeated measures was conducted among 60 middle-aged adults (40–65 years) scheduled for first-time cardiac catheterization at a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Participants were consecutively enrolled and allocated using systematic alternating assignment (intervention n=30; control n=30). The intervention comprised a four-phase integrated nursing program based on Mishel's Uncertainty Theory and Orem's Self-Care Theory. Primary outcomes were measured using STAI, MUIS-A, and SCHFI at four time points. Results: Baseline characteristics revealed no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). Mixed ANOVA revealed significant Group × Time interaction effects for all primary outcomes: anxiety [F(3,174)=39.796, p

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