Factors Associated with Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Family Planning Among Married Women Aged 18–39 Years in Urban Yangon, Myanmar: A Socio Ecological Model Based Cross-Sectional Study

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Background: Knowledge and attitudes toward family planning (FP) influence contraceptive utilization and reproductive health outcomes. Despite increasing contraceptive use in Myanmar, unmet need for FP remains substantial in urban Yangon, while evidence on determinants of FP knowledge and attitudes is limited. This study examined factors associated with FP knowledge and attitudes among married women in urban Yangon using the Socio Ecological Model framework. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 273 married women aged 18-39 years from four randomly selected urban townships in Yangon, Myanmar. Participants were recruited through online convenience sampling using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized participant characteristics and FP knowledge and attitude levels. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with FP knowledge and attitudes, and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results: Overall, 51.6% of participants had good FP knowledge, while only 9.9% showed favorable attitudes toward FP. Women with living children had lower odds of good FP knowledge, whereas high cultural influence was positively associated with both good FP knowledge (aOR = 3.095, 95% CI: 2.106–4.550) and positive FP attitudes (aOR = 3.268, 95% CI: 1.713–6.237). Positive FP attitudes were also more likely among women married for 4-7 years (aOR = 1.973, 95% CI: 1.006–3.870) and those with good FP knowledge (aOR = 3.313, 95% CI: 1.764–6.223). Conclusion: Although good FP knowledge was relatively common among married women in urban Yangon, favorable attitudes toward FP remained limited. Cultural norms and FP knowledge were strong predictors of positive attitudes, while women with living children were less likely to possess good FP knowledge. These findings suggest that FP programs should combine educational interventions with culturally supportive and community-based approaches to strengthen both FP knowledge and positive attitudes among urban married women in Myanmar.

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Related topics: Global Maternal and Child Health · Reproductive Health and Contraception · Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences