Measurement of the muon flux at SND@LHC

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Abstract The SND@LHC experiment investigates neutrinos in the $$7.2< \eta < 8.4$$ 7.2 < η < 8.4 forward pseudorapidity range. The detector consists of a veto system, a scintillating fiber tracker interleaved with emulsion cloud chambers, and a downstream muon system. Muons originating from collisions at ATLAS (IP1) constitute the primary background for CC neutrino interactions and determine the replacement frequency of the emulsion target. A precise characterization of this flux is therefore essential. In this work, we report the muon flux measured in the central $$31 \times 31$$ 31 × 31 $$\textrm{cm}^2$$ cm 2 fiducial area of the detector using data from 2023 through 2025. The measured fluxes for proton collisions are: (1.90±0.04) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ nb/cm 2 (2023), (3.76 ± 0.09) $$\times $$ × $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ 10 - 2 $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ nb/cm 2 (2024), and (2.48 ± 0.05) $$\times 10^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ nb/cm 2 (2025). A 2024 reference proton run at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.36\text { TeV}$$ s = 5.36 TeV yielded (4.21 ± 0.14) $$\times $$ × $$\text {10}^{-2}$$ 10 - 2 $$\text {nb/cm}^{2}$$ nb/cm 2 , providing a direct baseline for the heavy-ion energy regime. The measured fluxes for heavy-ion collisions are (3.11±0.12) $$\times \text {10}^{4}$$

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Related topics: Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies · Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena · Neutrino Physics Research