Information from the abstract
A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of benzoxazinone (BZ) synthesis along two known routes, the two-step benzoxazinone route (TS-BZ) and the TCT-activated benzoxazinone route (TCT-BZ), is reported in this study. Two alternative improved routes, the one-step benzoxazinone route (OS-BZ) based on TS-BZ through process intensification and the TCT-BZ route with solvent recovery, an improved version of the original TCT-BZ route, were also analysed. Life-cycle inventory confirms a material-energy usage trade-off. In contrast to TS-BZ, a greater amount of materials (3.45 vs 2.38 kg/kg BZ; +45%) but less electricity (1.02 vs 1.68 kWh/kg BZ; −39%) is needed for the TCT-BZ route. However, the results from the life cycle impact assessment reveal that the TCT-BZ route without solvent recovery results in the greatest environmental load, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 83.71 kg CO 2 eq/kg BZ. The OS-BZ route is the environmentally preferred route with the lowest GWP (19.01 kg CO 2 eq/kg BZ) and the lowest toxicity impacts including terrestrial ecotoxicity of 146.2 kg 1,4-DCB/kg BZ. Recovery of solvent greatly enhances the TCT-BZ route; at 90% recovery, the GWP is reduced by 66% to 28.53 kg CO 2 eq/kg BZ from the TCT-BZ route without solvent recovery, although impacts are still higher than those of OS-BZ. These findings indicate that solvent-intensive synthesis routes increase not only climate-related impacts but also toxicity- and ecotoxicity-related burdens from solvent production and waste management. All routes yield high-purity (98–99%) BZ, which is suitable for industrial use. So, OS-BZ emerges as the best option for environmental management, and recovering the solvent is the most effective way to improve sustainability.
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Related topics: Chemistry and Chemical Engineering · Biochemical and biochemical processes · Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
Thai researcher and institutional participation
Anuchit Wuttitrairat · Wasan Kongnaikhaw · Soottiwan Thamsakon · Wachira Daosud · Weerawun Weerachaipichasgul · Paisan Kittisupakorn · Chulalongkorn University · Burapha University · Naresuan University
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