Information from the abstract
ABSTRACT Urban parks in rapidly developing cities face increasing heavy metal contamination, yet seasonal dynamics remain poorly understood. This study evaluated seasonal variations in heavy metal contamination and associated human health risks in two major parks in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We analyzed 48 surface soil samples (24 locations × 2 seasons) for eight metals using ICP‐OES. Pollution levels were evaluated using indices (EF, I geo , CF, PER, mHQ, TU, and TRI) and GIS‐geostatistics. Sources were apportioned via multivariate analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF), and health risks to children and adults were simulated using Monte Carlo methods. Al (Go Vap 12,475 ppm; Gia Dinh 13,998 ppm) and Fe (Go Vap 12,324.1 ppm; Gia Dinh 7620.7 ppm) dominated soil composition. In Go Vap, there was an increase in Al, Mn enrichment and Pb spikes (EF = 91.69) in the dry season; Gia Dinh had Cr (EF = 4.43) enrichment in the dry season and higher Mn (EF = 4.19) in the rainy season. PMF identified four sources: traffic solid waste (31.4%), traffic emissions and construction dust (15.8%), natural weathering (20.1%), and redox processes (32.7%). Spatial analysis revealed dry‐season high‐risk hotspots expanding to 39.41% of Gia Dinh and 36.02% of Go Vap park areas. Cr posed the highest health risk (HQ = 0.53 for children, 0.057 for adults), primarily via ingestion. All risk indices intensified during the dry season ( p < 0.05). Dry seasons increase the risk of contamination in tropical urban parks, especially Cr. This study supports seasonal monitoring and enhanced protection for children in monsoon‐affected green spaces.
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Related topics: Heavy metals in environment · Water Quality and Pollution Assessment · Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Thai researcher and institutional participation
Lưu Tăng Phúc Khang · Chiang Mai University
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