Green synthesis of Titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticles via citrus fruit peel for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications

Information from the abstract

This study reports the green synthesis of Titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) using peel extracts of Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis ) and Lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) as reducing agents. Optimization of flavonoid extraction by UV-Vis spectrophotometry identified deionized water with a 3-hour extraction time as the most effective condition, yielding the maximum total flavonoid content. To synthesize TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs), varying volumes (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL) of mandarin (ME), sweet orange (SE) and lime (LE) extracts were reacted with titanium (IV) isopropoxide. A 10 mL volume of each extract proved optimal for successful synthesis. The resulting samples are hereafter referred to as TiO 2 -10-ME, TiO 2 -10-SE and TiO 2 -10-LE, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the anatase phase, with crystallite sizes of 1.918, 2.460 and 2.591 nm for TiO 2 -10-ME, TiO 2 -10-SE and TiO 2 -10-LE, respectively. Initial FTIR analysis revealed residual organic impurities, which were subsequently removed by calcination at 350 °C; the durations required to obtain high-purity TiO 2 were 72, 6 and 24 h for ME, SE and LE, respectively. Among all samples, TiO 2 -10-LE which calcined at 350 °C for 24 h (TiO 2 -10-LE-24 h) exhibited the highest MB removal performance, with an apparent removal of 92.95% after 50 min of UV irradiation. Antibacterial efficacy, evaluated by the disc diffusion method, showed effective inhibition of both Gram-negative ( E. coli ) and Gram-positive ( S. aureus ) bacteria, with the largest inhibition zones of 9.95 ± 0.34 mm and 10.41 ± 0.22 mm, respectively, again for TiO 2 -10-LE-24 h. These results highlight the potential of citrus-mediated TiO 2 NPs for sustainable environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

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Related topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Nanomaterials for catalytic reactions