A 20-year panel of 220 CEOs at 108 US firms found an archival self-monitoring index associated with more innovation-strategy shifts, higher average outcomes and greater outcome variability.
Key findings
- Higher self-monitoring related to more innovation-strategy volatility within socially accepted industry practices and to higher mean innovation outcomes alongside greater variability.
Why this matters globally
Leader traits may relate to both upside and risk, supporting multi-year portfolio and communication-consistency review rather than average success alone.
Thai researcher contribution
An Assumption University-affiliated researcher contributed an archival index and longitudinal analysis of US CEOs.
Limitations to consider
US-firm data and media-derived proxies may contain measurement bias. Fixed effects and Heckman do not remove all time-varying confounding; the design is nonexperimental.