The study compared nanobubble-assisted immersion priming plus oral boosting with injection vaccination in tilapia. Immersion produced measurable innate immune activation, but injection achieved substantially higher protection in the field challenge.
Key findings
- Nanobubble immersion induced innate immune responses
- Injection provided higher field protection
- Oral formulation and booster schedules require further optimization
Why this matters globally
A more effective immersion strategy could improve scalability and reduce logistical barriers in tilapia vaccination programs.
Thai researcher contribution
Researchers from AIT, Chulalongkorn, Kasetsart, Mahidol and Thai national research institutes contributed.
Limitations to consider
Field outcomes were affected by co-infections and environmental and husbandry variation.