This mathematical study modelled a Maxwell ternary nanofluid over an inclined stretching sheet in porous media under magnetic, radiative and suction effects. Parameter sweeps described changes in velocity, temperature and entropy generation. No physical nanofluid or solar-energy device was experimentally tested.
Key findings
- Within the simulated ranges, greater nanoparticle volume fraction raised fluid temperature and altered velocity. Higher Maxwell and magnetic parameters reduced velocity but increased temperature; radiation raised temperature; suction controlled boundary-layer thickness; and increasing Brinkman number raised entropy generation while lowering the Bejan number. No measured collector-efficiency gain was reported.
Why this matters globally
Thermal management constrains solar-thermal and photovoltaic-thermal systems. Entropy-based modelling may help screen designs, but renewable-energy impact requires a stable, safe and pumpable fluid that outperforms standard coolants in hardware.
Thai researcher contribution
One author listed Shinawatra University as a co-affiliation. The Thai contribution is therefore collaborative participation in an international modelling study, not evidence of a device experiment conducted in Thailand.
Limitations to consider
This is a two-dimensional model assuming a Maxwell fluid, stretching sheet and homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion. Aggregation, variable viscosity, sedimentation, corrosion, cost and pumping energy were not validated. Agreement with prior calculations and grid tests supports numerical consistency, not experimental truth.