A mixed-methods study across three Guangxi universities obtained 366 valid student responses and expert consensus to build an 18-component PE participation model spanning autonomy, competence, relatedness and institutional strategy.
Key findings
- Mean intrinsic motivation was 2.50, autonomy 2.30, extrinsic motivation 3.80 and academic pressure 3.90. Experts highlighted curricular rigidity, gender sensitivity and facilities. The final 18-component, four-dimension model was judged clear, appropriate and feasible.
Why this matters globally
The model combines Self-Determination Theory with institutional strategy, moving beyond individual motivation to curriculum and environment.
Thai researcher contribution
Bangkokthonburi University-affiliated researchers developed the model in China as cross-border PE management research.
Limitations to consider
Data came from three Guangxi universities, not Thailand, and were self-reported and consensus-based. No SEM, intervention or follow-up was conducted; expert feasibility is not real-world feasibility.