A literature review and thematic synthesis retrospectively mapped the Klaeng Din project onto Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test, emphasizing accelerated acidification followed by remediation and water control.
Key findings
- Aggravate-to-Solve accelerated pyrite oxidation through wet-dry cycles before leaching, marl, vetiver and water management. Reported yields increased in two areas, while acidity could return within eight months without proper water control.
Why this matters globally
The case illustrates adaptive experimentation for wicked problems and shows soil rehabilitation as ongoing system management, not a one-off intervention.
Thai researcher contribution
A Mahidol University researcher translated Thai acid-soil project knowledge into a design-theory framework.
Limitations to consider
Retrospective DT mapping and project-produced sources risk publication and selection bias. Search protocol, quality appraisal and long-term environmental impacts are not reported.