Assessing respiratory muscle effort during noninvasive respiratory support in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A State-of-the Art Review from physiology to bedside
This state-of-the-art review recommends repeated respiratory-effort assessment during high-flow nasal oxygen, CPAP, or bilevel ventilation because acceptable oxygenation may mask excessive effort. It proposes a resource-tiered path from clinical signs to esophageal pressure, ultrasound, and electrical impedance tomography, but no trial shows the framework reduces delayed intubation or mortality.
Thai researchersMarcus J. Schultz