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Four Countries Have Antimicrobial-Stewardship Policies, but 16 Hospitals Average 72% Implementation and Training Lags

This study linked national policy, hospital systems, and provider behaviour in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand, and Viet Nam during 2022–2023. It included 486 participants across 16 hospitals. All countries had antimicrobial-stewardship policies, but financing, enforcement, training, microbiology-data use, and inter-programme coordination were uneven. Hospitals averaged 72% on G-ASET, with tracking and reporting highest at 75% and training lowest at 66%. The two Thai hospitals scored 81.3% and 80.6% overall, yet both scored only 50% for training. These results identify actionable system gaps; they do not experimentally show that any intervention reduced antibiotic use, resistance, or mortality.