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Zoonotic Risk in Rural Nan Is Not Just Behavioural: Water Scarcity, Forest Change, and Food Systems Connect Five Interfaces

Researchers examined everyday practices and conditions that could enable cross-species transmission in four rural villages in Nan Province, organising findings into five interfaces: human–animal, human–environment, human-human, animal–animal, and animal–environment. The picture is not simply one of deficient knowledge. Animal contact, butchering and food preparation, water scarcity and contamination, waste, forest change, intensified agriculture, mixed-species proximity, and multilingual communication operate as a system. Community leaders and village health volunteers were viewed as trusted messengers. The study therefore recommends education that combines knowledge, skills, practical tools, and recognition of structural limits, but it neither completed nor evaluated the final intervention.