Biomimetic 3D-Printed Resorbable Extracellular Matrix-Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane Based on a Gelatin Methacrylate/Alginate-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Maxillofacial Surgery
A resorbable 3D-printed GelMA/alginate membrane with 0-60% hydroxyapatite was engineered with a porous bone-facing side and a dense fibroblast-blocking side. The 20% HA formulation provided the best balance of mechanics, barrier function and cell-based osteogenic indicators. Evidence remains materials- and cell-based, not animal or clinical implantation.